求翻译：第一部分写的是国债的相关经济学理论。在西方经济学界，公债与国债是两个不同的概念，因为西方国家存在地方政府债务，因此，国债仅仅指中央政府债务。这与中国国债概念的界定是不同的，中国国债一般被等同于公债。西方经济学里，关于国债的效应理论基本上分为三大方面，分别为国债正效应、负效应和中性理论。中国的国债市场发展时间较短，主要是从新中国成立开始我国国债理论的发展。是什么意思？

The first part is written to the economic theory of government bonds. Western economists, government bonds and Treasuries are two different concepts, because Western countries there are local government debt, national debt refers only to central government debt. This is different from the definition

The first part of the treasury bonds is written in relevant economic theory. In the western economic scholars and the public debt and government bonds are two different concepts, and local government debt exists because Western countries only government bonds, therefore, that the central government

First writes separately is the national debt related economic theory.In the Western economical educational world, the bond and the national debt are two different concepts, because the Western country has the local authority debt, therefore, the national debt refers to the central authorities debt m

First part of national debt theory of economics. Western economists, bonds and treasuries are two different concepts, because Western countries local government debt, so Treasury bonds means only the central government debt. This is different from the definition of the concept of China's national de